NEW YORK — This week's United Nations General Assembly marks nearly 20 years since the body first resolved to restrict bottom trawling on the world's seamounts. These are submarine mountains that rise thousands of feet above the sea floor and make up some of the most biologically rich marine ecosystems on the planet.

Led by Palau and other small island nations with generations-long ties to the ocean, the ensuing decades witnessed a raft of subsequent agreements that expanded protections for more of the deep sea — the dark, cold waters below 200 meters — culminating last year with the adoption of a treaty to protect marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction.

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