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Gender gap fuels disputes as Japan gets joint custody

TOKYO, Japan — Masaki Kubota's delight at reuniting with his two sons gave way to heartbreak when the younger, two years old, stared at him uncomprehendingly as if to say: 'Who are you?'

It was their first encounter since his wife left with the boys a year earlier — the kind of painful separation that Japan's new parental custody rules aim to prevent.