I THINK it's high time for a full review of the choice between the function words "can" and "could," "will" and "would," and also "shall" and "should." From my experience as an editor, they continue to be frequent pitfalls for many English learners and even some long-time writers in English.

The most important thing to remember about these word-pairs is that they aren't meant for conveying simple facts or absolute certainties. They are distinct grammatical forms called modal auxiliaries or modals, and they work in tandem with a given verb to convey varying shades of necessity, advice, ability, expectation, permission, possibility, or conditionality.

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