AT a time when Filipinos were still building up their self-identity as a distinct nation from the Spaniards, amid the perception by Westerners that Filipinos were not as good, many of the "ilustrados" had to project that they were Renaissance men like Leonardo. In exhibiting their talents in art, literature, law and the sciences, they defended their people and edified the nation.

But ilustrados were also referred to as such because they were also believers in the Enlightenment philosophy, developed by the European philosophers. That there is no logical basis for the divine right of kings and noblemen; all men are created equal, and thus, all human beings are able to exemplify reason and scientific thought to solve their problems. In short, reason over superstition and science over religion. José Rizal said in the 32nd chapter of "Noli Me Tangere" that education is key: "The school is the book in which is written the future of the nation."

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