I REMEMBER during my elementary and high school days that the Filipino nation celebrated Philippine independence every July 4, a non-working holiday. In 1962, then-President Diosdado Macapagal moved the commemoration of the Philippine independence to June 12, the date when Emilio Aguinaldo issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence from Spain in 1898 at his ancestral home in Cavite.

Following are facts and opinions on independence from several sources.

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