ANTONIO P. CONTRERAS

IF there is one important right that should be accorded to any citizen in a representative, democratic political community, it is the right to dissent. After all, the very nature of modern states is that they are restrained by their constitutions, and citizens are sovereign. While there is no bill of rights for the government, there is a bill of rights for citizens. The Hobbesian construct of totally surrendering citizens’ rights to a single sovereign was later replaced by the Lockean principle of a citizen’s right to take back the rights entrusted to the sovereign. This eventually led to the shifting of sovereignty away from the kings and rulers and to the people, with the emergence and wide acceptance of representative democracy as the mode by which social order is maintained.

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