The Indonesian Salim’s empire of public utility firms in the Philippines. Yet, Dominguez still claims there are restrictions in public utilities that need to be opened up? (Chart from the book Colossal Deception: How Foreigners Control our Telecom Sector*)
Japan, in fact, had adopted a nationalist policy before World War II and in the decades thereafter, which gave its state firm, NTT, a monopoly in the telecom industry. Only in the late 1970s, when NTT had become a mammoth telco, even competing globally, that it allowed foreign companies to come in. Even with such liberalization, however, NTT’s firms have total control of Japan’s telecom industry.